User:Jmonson/savedGSDA

TIN Overview

TIN Definition

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A TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) is a vector data structure which depicts geographic surfaces as contiguous non-overlapping triangles. The vertices of each triangle match the elevation of the terrain exactly. This means that a topographic surface is represented by several triangles, with each triangle face having an approximate slope, aspect, and surface area. The irregularity of the triangles comes from the scattered nature of the (x,y,z) points (the triangle vertices) used as a background elevation source -- hence the name irregular. Once a TIN is created, the elevation of any point on the triangle's continuous surface can be interpolated. WMS can easily create a TIN from any one of the following:

1. x,y,z, survey data
2. digitizing a topographic map
3. a DEM used as a background elevation source.

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  TINs are made up of non-overlapping triangles.

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  WMS can create a TIN within the watershed boundaries from known elevation points.

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  Elevations are then interpolated along the face of each triangle, allowing contours to be drawn.

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  An oblique view of a TIN showing a watershed in Yellowstone National Park.

WMS and TIN Data

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It is critical to realize that a TIN created from (x,y,z) data points is generally not yet suited for a hydrologic model. Further preparation and refining of the TIN is required to ensure that linear features such as streams and ridge lines are shown properly on the final TIN to be used for modeling. For example, the edge of a triangle should not cross a stream, but rather conform to it.

Advantages of a TIN

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There are several key advantages of a TIN surface model over a grid model like a DEM, and TINs are regarded as a more intelligent data structure. A few of these advantages are:

• Linear geographic features such as streams and ridges are more accurately represented in a TIN.
• Less points are needed to represent the topography—less hard disk space is needed.
• Points can be concentrated in important areas where the topography is more variable, or where more detail is required (e.g., small areas of land). The picture below shows the TIN vertices spaced much closer together near the watershed outlet.

• Survey data and known elevations can easily be incorporated into a TIN.
• Some functions cannot be performed with DEM data, but are easily done with a TIN. Examples of this include creating storage-capacity curves for reservoirs, floodplain delineation, and computing time-area curves for hydrographs.

Composite Runoff Coefficients

WMS can compute Composite Runoff Coefficients for the basin(s) in your watershed. To accomplish this, you will need to create a table that links a soil type's ID number (from a soil type grid or polygon coverage) to a runoff coefficient. Note that WMS automatically creates a soil ID number for each different soil encountered upon importing a soil type grid or soil type shapefile. Refer to the following steps for help to create a Runoff Coefficient table. Below these steps is a table containing suggested runoff coefficients based on a soil's management type and hydrologic soil group.

Steps for selecting a runoff coefficient for a soil ID number:

For each soil type ID in WMS

1. Determine the land use / vegetation category for the soil ID in question, such as cultivated, pasture, urban, etc.
2. Determine the hydrologic soil group of this ID,
   To determine the soil group (A, B, C, or D) of a soil ID after importing the soil type file into WMS:
   
   1. Select Display | Display Options...
   2. Choose the MAP tab
   3. Switch the Active Coverage drop-down list to Soil Type
   4. Toggle On the box for displaying the Soil Group Legend
   5. Select OK
   
   You will now see a small legend in the upper-left corner of the WMS graphics window that lists the soil IDs with their respective soil groups.
   


3. Pick the Runoff Coefficient for the given land use / vegetation and hydrologic soil group using table like the one below these steps.
4. Create a 3-column text file containing the soil ID, a description, and its coefficient, following this format:
   soil ID, description (in quotes), runoff coefficient

      Example

                      0, "Type1", 0.1
                      1, "Type2", 0.2
                      2, "Type3", 0.3
                      3, "Type4", 0.4
                      4, "Type5", 0.5
                      5, "Type6", 0.6
                      6, "Type7", 0.7
                      7, "Type8", 0.8
                      8, "Type9", 0.9

5. Save the file, preferably with a *.tbl extension.

This file can now be read into WMS in order to calculate a composite Runoff Coefficient for you watershed basin(s).
For help in performing this calculation in WMS, refer to the WMS Help menu.

Table of Runoff Coefficients for the Rational Equation: Q=kCiA

                                       Hydrologic Soil Group
Land Use, Crop, and Management		A	B	C	D
CULTIVATED, with crop rotations					
Row Crops, poor management		0.55	0.65	0.70	0.75
Row Crops, conservation mgmt		0.50	0.55	0.65	0.70
Small Grains, poor management		0.35	.40	0.45	0.50
Small Grains, conservation mgmt		0.20	.022	0.25	0.30
Meadow		                        0.30	0.35	0.40	0.45
PASTURE, permanent w/moderate grazing	0.10	0.20	0.25	0.30
WOODS, permanent, mature, no grazing	0.06	0.13	0.16	0.20
Urban Residential					
30 percent of area impervious		0.30	0.40	0.45	0.50
70 percent of area impervious		0.50	0.60	0.70	0.80
 
Hydrologic Soil Group Descriptions
A -- Well-drained sand and gravel; high permeability.
B -- Moderate to well-drained; moderately fine to moderately coarse texture; moderate permeability.
C -- Poor to moderately well-drained; moderately fine to fine texture; slow permeability.
D -- Poorly drained, clay soils with high swelling potential, permanent high water table, claypan, or shallow soils over nearly impervious layer(s).

• This table was obtained from http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~engelb/abe526/Runoff/C_table.html

Listing of Public Sites in Various States

• Alabama - State of Alabama Geological Survey
• Alaska
• Arizona - Arizona Regional Images Archive, University of Arizona
• Arkansas - Geostor: The On-line Arkansas Spatial Data Infrastructure
• California - California Spatial Information Library
• Colorado
• Connecticut
• Delaware - Research Data Management Services-University of Delaware
• Florida - Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection - Land Boundary Information System (LABINS)
• Georgia - USGS-WRD/Georgia Tech-Center for Spatial Analysis Technologies
• Hawaii
• Idaho - Idaho Geospatial Data Center
• Illinois - Illinois Natural Resources Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
• Indiana
• Iowa - Iowa Department of Natural Resources
• Kansas - State of Kansas GIS Initiative - Data Access and Support Center
• Kentucky
• Louisiana - Louisiana Statewide GIS
• Maine
• Maryland
• Massachusetts - Mass GIS
• Michigan - MI Geographic Data Library
• Minnesota - USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
• Mississippi - MARIS (Mississippi Automated Resource Information System)
• Missouri - Missouri Spatial Data Information Service
• Montana - Montana State Library - Natural Resource Information System
• Nebraska - Conservation and Survey Division (CSD) of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• Nevada - Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology FTP Site
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New Mexico - Los Alamos National Laboratory
• New York - New York State GIS Clearinghouse
• North Dakota - North Dakota Geological Survey
• Ohio - Ohio Department of Administrative Services
• Oklahoma - GEO Information Systems - University of Oklahoma
• Oregon - Regional Ecosystem Office
• Pennsylvania - Pennsylvania State University
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• South Dakota - Department of Environment and Natural Resources
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Utah - Utah's Automated Geographic Reference Center
• Vermont
• Virginia - Virginia Tech University Libraries
• Washington - Regional Ecosystem Office
• West Virginia - West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection
• Wisconsin - USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
• Wyoming - Wyoming Spatial Data Clearinghouse