SMS:Scatter Module: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
The Scatter Module (previously known as the Scattered Data Module) is used to  interpolate spatial data values from groups of scattered data points or  ordered grids ([[SMS:Use  of Digital Elevation Maps in the Scatter Module|DEMs]]) to the other data types (i.e., meshes and grids). SMS  supports three interpolation schemes including linear, natural neighbor and inverse distance  weighted. The module is also used to view and edit survey data (i.e. SHOALS data).
The Scatter module (previously known as the Scattered Data module or Scatter Point module) is used to  interpolate spatial data values from groups of scattered data points or  ordered grids ([[SMS:Use  of Digital Elevation Maps in the Scatter Module|DEMs]]) to the other data types (i.e., meshes and grids). SMS  supports three interpolation schemes including linear, natural neighbor and inverse distance  weighted. The module is also used to view and edit survey data (i.e. SHOALS data).


Interpolation is useful for setting up input data for analysis codes. Generally, the data gathered from a site to be modeled varies in density. Generating a finite element mesh directly from these points would result in a very low quality mesh. Further this data does not lie in a grid for use as a finite difference grid. Interpolation allows the gathered data points to be used as background information that can then be used to generate a base mesh or grid in the Mesh Module, the Grid Module or the Map Module. The only consideration of bathymetry for such a mesh or grid would be the definition of element edges along geometric or property features. The actual bathymetry comes from the scattered data. SMS interpolates this data to the created mesh or grid points.
Interpolation is useful for setting up input data for analysis codes. Generally, the data gathered from a site to be modeled varies in density. Generating a finite element mesh directly from these points would result in a very low quality mesh. Further this data does not lie in a grid for use as a finite difference grid. Interpolation allows the gathered data points to be used as background information that can then be used to generate a base mesh or grid in the Mesh module, the 2D Grid module or the Map module. The only consideration of bathymetry for such a mesh or grid would be the definition of element edges along geometric or property features. The actual bathymetry comes from the scattered data. SMS interpolates this data to the created mesh or grid points.


Interpolation may also be used to create datasets for one mesh from data related to another mesh of the same region. For example using a mesh of a river reach for which analysis has been preformed. If a bridge is to be added to the reach, the mesh topology changes. The data from the first mesh can be converted to a scattered dataset and then interpolated to the second mesh. This data may be used as initial conditions for the second mesh, or compared to results of analysis run on the second mesh using the [[SMS:Dataset Toolbox|Dataset Toolbox]].
Interpolation may also be used to create datasets for one mesh from data related to another mesh of the same region. For example using a mesh of a river reach for which analysis has been preformed. If a bridge is to be added to the reach, the mesh topology changes. The data from the first mesh can be converted to a scattered dataset and then interpolated to the second mesh. This data may be used as initial conditions for the second mesh, or compared to results of analysis run on the second mesh using the [[SMS:Dataset Toolbox|''Dataset Toolbox'']].


A third purpose of interpolation is to create additional datasets from either observed, or calculated data.
A third purpose of interpolation is to create additional datasets from either observed, or calculated data.
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There are various potential sources for background data in an SMS project. These include:
There are various potential sources for background data in an SMS project. These include:
*'''local surveys'''
*'''local surveys'''
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
:Local surveys must be formatted into an SMS supported format. The most  intuitive format and easiest to use is a tabular file of coordinates.
Local surveys must be formatted into an SMS supported format. The most  intuitive format and easiest to use is a tabular file of coordinates.</blockquote>
:If this data is to be augmented with previous models or historical surveys,  the coordinate system of the local survey must be defined relative to the  historical survey or a global coordinate system.
<blockquote>
If this data is to be augmented with previous models or historical surveys,  the coordinate system of the local survey must be defined relative to the  historical survey or a global coordinate system.</blockquote>
*'''historical surveys'''
*'''historical surveys'''
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
:There are several sources of historic surveys. These include previous studies  done by a modeler or company and compiled databases such as GEO-DAS or ETOPO. These data sources  can be imported into SMS and used either as the basis of a finite computation  domain (mesh or grid), or as a scattered dataset or DEM. Care must be taken  into account the age and quality of the data and make sure all data sources are converted to a single coordinate system.  
There are several sources of historic surveys. These include previous studies  done by a modeler or company and compiled databases such as GEO-DAS or ETOPO. These data sources  can be imported into SMS and used either as the basis of a finite computation  domain (mesh or grid), or as a scattered dataset or DEM. Care must be taken  into account the age and quality of the data and make sure all data sources are converted to a single coordinate system. </blockquote>
*'''digital elevation maps'''
*'''digital elevation maps'''
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
:Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) are regular structured grids of elevation  values. Since the data is structured, it can be read, stored, displayed and  utilized more efficiently than scattered datasets. These data sources are  becoming more prevalent and can be obtained for topographic regions of the  entire United States and several other area of the world from web sites such as  Terraserver.
Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) are regular structured grids of elevation  values. Since the data is structured, it can be read, stored, displayed and  utilized more efficiently than scattered datasets. These data sources are  becoming more prevalent and can be obtained for topographic regions of the  entire United States and several other area of the world from web sites such as  Terraserver.</blockquote>
:Unfortunately, most DEMs available online do not include bathymetric portions  of the domain, which makes their use in SMS limited. New databases are being  developed, but due to the dynamic nature of bathymetric information, the  feasibility of an extensive database is very slight.
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
:It may be useful to convert scattered datasets into DEMs for faster  processing inside of SMS.
Unfortunately, most DEMs available online do not include bathymetric portions  of the domain, which makes their use in SMS limited. New data bases are being  developed, but due to the dynamic nature of bathymetric information, the  feasibility of an extensive database is very slight. </blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
It may be useful to convert scattered datasets into DEMs for faster  processing inside of SMS.</blockquote>
*'''electronic charts'''
*'''electronic charts'''
<blockquote style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px;">
:Since surveys can be expensive to obtain, and DEMs may not be applicable,  another option available for the hydraulic modeler is the use of  topographic/bathymetric charts or historic nautical charts. If these types of  maps can be digitized into an electronic format, they can be read into SMS and  displayed on the screen. The goal is to create a scattered dataset from this  electronic chart. The steps to do this include:
Since surveys can be expensive to obtain, and DEMs may not be applicable,  another option available for the hydraulic modeler is the use of  topographic/bathymetric charts or historic nautical charts. If these types of  maps can be digitized into an electronic format, they can be read into SMS and  displayed on the screen. The goal is to create a scattered dataset from this  electronic chart. The steps to do this include:
:# Scan the paper map and save it as an image (*.tif, *.jpg, ...).
:# Register the image  (if desired, mark the map with the register points prior to scanning it).
:# Select the '''Create Vertex''' tool  in the Data  Module.
:# Digitize (click on the image on the screen) to create a vertex on a contour line in the image.
:# In the ''Z'' edit box of the Edit Window set the z value to the contour value of  the line.
:# Digitize along the specified contour value (the spacing of points along the  contour lines should be approximately the same distance as the spacing between  adjacent contours).
:# Repeat steps 4&ndash;6 for each contour line.  Spot elevations can be entered by  setting the z value to the value of the spot elevation and then creating a  vertex at that location.
:# Triangulate the  vertices once done.
:This method becomes tedious for larger areas, but is ideally suited for  smaller areas where there are not too many contours to be digitized.


# Scan the paper map and save it as an image (*.tif, *.jpg, ...).
In addition, when DEM data is brought into SMS, the data is triangulated and stored as a scatter set.
# Register the image  (if desired, mark the map with the register points prior to scanning it).
 
# Select the Create Vertex tool  in the Data Module.
It is also possible to convert CAD and GIS data into scatter sets. This is accomplished by right-clicking on the object in the [[SMS:Project Explorer|Project Explorer]] and selecting the '''Map &rarr; Scatter''' command. This command searches the data for triangular and quadrilateral faces and converts them to triangles in a triangulated surface (TIN)Points along contours or polylines are not converted using this commandIn order to use these points in a scattered dataset format, first convert them to feature objects in the Map module.
# Digitize (click on the image on the screen) to create a vertex on a contour  line in the image.
 
# In the z edit box of the edit window set the z value to the contour value of the line.
See also [[Data Sources]].
# Digitize along the specified contour value (the spacing of points along the  contour lines should be approximately the same distance as the spacing between  adjacent contours).
# Repeat steps 4&ndash;6 for each contour lineSpot elevations can be entered by  setting the z value to the value of the spot elevation and then creating a vertex at that location.
# Triangulate the vertices once done.
</blockquote><blockquote>
This method becomes tedious for larger areas, but is ideally suited for  smaller areas where there are not too many contours to be digitized.</blockquote>


In addition, when DEM data is brought into SMS, the data is triangulated and stored as a scatter set.
==Scatter Interface Components==
The scatter module interface consists of the display options, menus, right-click menus, and tools associated with the scatter module.
 
===Scatter Display Options===
Accessed through the ''Display Options'' dialog. Provides options as to how Scatter Module elements will be displayed. See [[SMS:Scatter Module Display Options|Scatter Module Display Options]] for more information.
 
===Scatter Module Menus===
The following menus are available in the the Scatter Module:
; Standard Menus : Standard menus such as the ''File'', ''Edit'', and ''Display'' menus are available. See [[SMS:SMS Menus|SMS Menus]] for more information.
; Module Specific Menus :
* [[SMS:Scatter Data Menu|Data]]
* [[SMS:Scatter Vertices Menu|Vertices]]
* [[SMS:Scatter Breaklines Menu|Breaklines]]
* [[SMS:Scatter Triangles Menu|Triangles]]
* [[SMS:Scatter Menu|Scatter]]
 
===Scatter Right-Click Menus===
The Scatter Module has right-click menus for root folders and scatter set items in the Project Explorer. See [[SMS:Scatter_Project_Explorer_Items#Scatter_Module_Right-Click_Menus|Scatter Module Right-Click Menus]] for more information.
 
===Scatter Module Tools===
The Scatter Module has eight unique tools for creating and manipulating scatter data in the Graphics Window. See [[SMS:Scatter Module Tools|Scatter Module Tools]] for more information.
 
==Scattered Datasets==
The Scatter Point module is used to visualize and apply  various types of data. This data typically comes from surveys, digital maps,  previous numerical analysis or digitization on screen. The data is stored as sets or groups of 2D scattered data  points with associated values. The most common value is bathymetry and is  used to create the geometric representation of the area being modeled.
 
SMS connects the scattered data points  into triangles  forming a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). TINs can be contoured,  displayed in oblique view with mapped images and hidden surfaces removed, and  several other display options that can be set to visualize and understand the  terrain surface better.  TINs are used for a source of bathymetric or other data  in a numerical model.  TINs can also be used to compute areas, volume,  distances, gradients and several other geometric parameters.
 
SMS applies data from scattered datasets to finite  element networks or grids via interpolation. This allows poorly distributed  elevation data to be assigned to a well-structured set of elements to create the  bathymetry of the entire mesh. A variety of interpolation schemes are supported.  Internally, the scattered data sets are triangulated to create surfaces for  continuous interpolation. Since the connectivity of the triangulation affects  the interpolation, SMS provides tools to allow for the manipulation of this  triangulation. The triangulation also allows contouring of the scattered data set to visualize the data.


It is also possible to convert CAD and GIS data into scatter sets.  This is accomplished by right-clicking on the object in the [[SMS:Project Explorer|project explorer]] and selecting the '''Map &rarr; Scatter''' command. This command searches the data for triangular and quadrilateral faces and converts them to triangles in a triangulated surface (TIN). Points along contours or polylines are not converted using this command.  In order to use these points in a scattered dataset format, first convert them to feature objects in the Map module.
Multiple scatter point sets can exist at one time in memory. One of the scatter sets is always designated as the "active" scatter point set. The active  scatter set can be changed by changing the ''Scatter Set''  combo box in the top ''Edit Window''. Whenever a new scatter set is created, it becomes the active set.


==Data Mapping==
==Data Interpolation==
{{stub}}
Scatter dataset can be interpolated to other data types (grid, mesh, etc.). See [[SMS:Scatter Interpolation|Scatter Interpolation]] for more information.


==Practical Notes==
==Practical Notes==
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*Mesh
*Mesh
<blockquote>
:#Interpolate the first dataset to mesh.
#Interpolate the first dataset to mesh.
:#Interpolate the second dataset to the mesh.
#Interpolate the second dataset to the mesh.
:#Use the ''data calculator'' (''Data'' | '''Dataset Toolbox''') to compare the two datasets.
#Use the ''data calculator'' (''Data'' | '''Data Calculator''') to compare the two datasets.
</blockquote>
*Scatter Grid
*Scatter Grid
<blockquote>
:#Select first dataset.
#Select first dataset.
:#Select ''Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter'' |''' …to Scatter Grid'''.  Specify extents and resolution of grid.
#Select ''Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter'' |''' …to Scatter Grid'''.  Specify extents and resolution of grid.
:#Select second dataset.
#Select second dataset.
:#Select ''Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter'' |''' …from other scatter set'''.  Specify the second scatter set.
#Select ''Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter'' |''' …from other scatter set'''.  Specify the second scatter set.
:#Select ''Data'' | '''Dataset Toolbox''' with the new scatter grid selected to compare the two datasets.
#Select ''Data'' | '''Data Calculator''' with the new scatter grid selected to compare the two datasets.
</blockquote>
 
==Scatter Module Tools==
See [[SMS:Scatter Module Tools|Scatter Module Tools]] for more information.
 
==Scatter Module Menus==
See [[SMS:Scatter Module Menus|Scatter Module Menus]] for more information.
 
==Scattered Datasets==
The Scatter Point Module is used to visualize and apply  various types of data. This data typically comes from surveys, digital maps,  previous numerical analysis or digitization on screen. The data is stored as  sets or groups of 2D scattered data  points with associated values. The most common value is bathymetry and is  used to create the geometric representation of the area being modeled.
 
SMS connects the scattered data points  into triangles  forming a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). TINs can be contoured,  displayed in oblique view with mapped images and hidden surfaces removed, and  several other display options that can be set to visualize and understand the  terrain surface better.  TINs are used for a source of bathymetric or other data  in a numerical model.  TINs can also be used to compute areas, volume,  distances, gradients and several other geometric parameters.
 
SMS applies data from scattered datasets to finite  element networks or grids via interpolation. This allows poorly distributed  elevation data to be assigned to a well-structured set of elements to create the  bathymetry of the entire mesh. A variety of interpolation schemes are supported.  Internally, the scattered data sets are triangulated to create surfaces for  continuous interpolation. Since the connectivity of the triangulation affects  the interpolation, SMS provides tools to allow for the manipulation of this  triangulation. The triangulation also allows contouring of the scattered data set to visualize the data.
 
Multiple scatter point sets can exist at one time in memory. One of the  scatter sets is always designated as the "active" scatter point set. The active  scatter set can be changed by changing the ''Scatter Set''  combo box in the top ''Edit Window''. Whenever a new  scatter set is created, it becomes the active set.


==Related Topics==
==Related Topics==
Line 101: Line 106:


== External Links ==
== External Links ==
* Jun 2002 ERDC/CHL CHETN-IV-43 SHOALS Toolbox: Software to Support Visualization and Analysis of Large, High-Density Datasets [http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/library/publications/chetn/pdf/chetn-iv-43.pdf]
* Wozencraft, Jennifer M., W. Jeff Lillycrop, and Nicholas C. Kraus. ''SHOALS Toolbox: Software to Support Visualization and Analysis of Large, High-Density Data Sets.'' No. ERDC/CHL-CHETN-IV-43. Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS Coastal and Hydraulics Lab, 2002. [http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/downloads/Publications/Wozencraft_et_al_2002CHETN_SHOALSToolbox.pdf]




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[[Category:SMS Scatter]]
[[Category:SMS Scatter]]
[[Category:Scatter Modules]]
[[Category:External Links]]
[[Category:External Links]]

Latest revision as of 16:28, 24 September 2024

Scatter set example

At a glance

  • Used to create, edit, and visualize triangulated irregular networks
  • DEMs can be read in and converted to TINs
  • Filter scatter sets to eliminate redundant data
  • Datasets can be interpolated to other modules (meshes, grids, etc)


Overview

The Scatter module (previously known as the Scattered Data module or Scatter Point module) is used to interpolate spatial data values from groups of scattered data points or ordered grids (DEMs) to the other data types (i.e., meshes and grids). SMS supports three interpolation schemes including linear, natural neighbor and inverse distance weighted. The module is also used to view and edit survey data (i.e. SHOALS data).

Interpolation is useful for setting up input data for analysis codes. Generally, the data gathered from a site to be modeled varies in density. Generating a finite element mesh directly from these points would result in a very low quality mesh. Further this data does not lie in a grid for use as a finite difference grid. Interpolation allows the gathered data points to be used as background information that can then be used to generate a base mesh or grid in the Mesh module, the 2D Grid module or the Map module. The only consideration of bathymetry for such a mesh or grid would be the definition of element edges along geometric or property features. The actual bathymetry comes from the scattered data. SMS interpolates this data to the created mesh or grid points.

Interpolation may also be used to create datasets for one mesh from data related to another mesh of the same region. For example using a mesh of a river reach for which analysis has been preformed. If a bridge is to be added to the reach, the mesh topology changes. The data from the first mesh can be converted to a scattered dataset and then interpolated to the second mesh. This data may be used as initial conditions for the second mesh, or compared to results of analysis run on the second mesh using the Dataset Toolbox.

A third purpose of interpolation is to create additional datasets from either observed, or calculated data.

The Scatter module is included with all paid editions of SMS.

Data Sources

There are various potential sources for background data in an SMS project. These include:

  • local surveys
Local surveys must be formatted into an SMS supported format. The most intuitive format and easiest to use is a tabular file of coordinates.
If this data is to be augmented with previous models or historical surveys, the coordinate system of the local survey must be defined relative to the historical survey or a global coordinate system.
  • historical surveys
There are several sources of historic surveys. These include previous studies done by a modeler or company and compiled databases such as GEO-DAS or ETOPO. These data sources can be imported into SMS and used either as the basis of a finite computation domain (mesh or grid), or as a scattered dataset or DEM. Care must be taken into account the age and quality of the data and make sure all data sources are converted to a single coordinate system.
  • digital elevation maps
Digital Elevation Maps (DEMs) are regular structured grids of elevation values. Since the data is structured, it can be read, stored, displayed and utilized more efficiently than scattered datasets. These data sources are becoming more prevalent and can be obtained for topographic regions of the entire United States and several other area of the world from web sites such as Terraserver.
Unfortunately, most DEMs available online do not include bathymetric portions of the domain, which makes their use in SMS limited. New databases are being developed, but due to the dynamic nature of bathymetric information, the feasibility of an extensive database is very slight.
It may be useful to convert scattered datasets into DEMs for faster processing inside of SMS.
  • electronic charts
Since surveys can be expensive to obtain, and DEMs may not be applicable, another option available for the hydraulic modeler is the use of topographic/bathymetric charts or historic nautical charts. If these types of maps can be digitized into an electronic format, they can be read into SMS and displayed on the screen. The goal is to create a scattered dataset from this electronic chart. The steps to do this include:
  1. Scan the paper map and save it as an image (*.tif, *.jpg, ...).
  2. Register the image (if desired, mark the map with the register points prior to scanning it).
  3. Select the Create Vertex tool in the Data Module.
  4. Digitize (click on the image on the screen) to create a vertex on a contour line in the image.
  5. In the Z edit box of the Edit Window set the z value to the contour value of the line.
  6. Digitize along the specified contour value (the spacing of points along the contour lines should be approximately the same distance as the spacing between adjacent contours).
  7. Repeat steps 4–6 for each contour line. Spot elevations can be entered by setting the z value to the value of the spot elevation and then creating a vertex at that location.
  8. Triangulate the vertices once done.
This method becomes tedious for larger areas, but is ideally suited for smaller areas where there are not too many contours to be digitized.

In addition, when DEM data is brought into SMS, the data is triangulated and stored as a scatter set.

It is also possible to convert CAD and GIS data into scatter sets. This is accomplished by right-clicking on the object in the Project Explorer and selecting the Map → Scatter command. This command searches the data for triangular and quadrilateral faces and converts them to triangles in a triangulated surface (TIN). Points along contours or polylines are not converted using this command. In order to use these points in a scattered dataset format, first convert them to feature objects in the Map module.

See also Data Sources.

Scatter Interface Components

The scatter module interface consists of the display options, menus, right-click menus, and tools associated with the scatter module.

Scatter Display Options

Accessed through the Display Options dialog. Provides options as to how Scatter Module elements will be displayed. See Scatter Module Display Options for more information.

Scatter Module Menus

The following menus are available in the the Scatter Module:

Standard Menus
Standard menus such as the File, Edit, and Display menus are available. See SMS Menus for more information.
Module Specific Menus

Scatter Right-Click Menus

The Scatter Module has right-click menus for root folders and scatter set items in the Project Explorer. See Scatter Module Right-Click Menus for more information.

Scatter Module Tools

The Scatter Module has eight unique tools for creating and manipulating scatter data in the Graphics Window. See Scatter Module Tools for more information.

Scattered Datasets

The Scatter Point module is used to visualize and apply various types of data. This data typically comes from surveys, digital maps, previous numerical analysis or digitization on screen. The data is stored as sets or groups of 2D scattered data points with associated values. The most common value is bathymetry and is used to create the geometric representation of the area being modeled.

SMS connects the scattered data points into triangles forming a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). TINs can be contoured, displayed in oblique view with mapped images and hidden surfaces removed, and several other display options that can be set to visualize and understand the terrain surface better. TINs are used for a source of bathymetric or other data in a numerical model. TINs can also be used to compute areas, volume, distances, gradients and several other geometric parameters.

SMS applies data from scattered datasets to finite element networks or grids via interpolation. This allows poorly distributed elevation data to be assigned to a well-structured set of elements to create the bathymetry of the entire mesh. A variety of interpolation schemes are supported. Internally, the scattered data sets are triangulated to create surfaces for continuous interpolation. Since the connectivity of the triangulation affects the interpolation, SMS provides tools to allow for the manipulation of this triangulation. The triangulation also allows contouring of the scattered data set to visualize the data.

Multiple scatter point sets can exist at one time in memory. One of the scatter sets is always designated as the "active" scatter point set. The active scatter set can be changed by changing the Scatter Set combo box in the top Edit Window. Whenever a new scatter set is created, it becomes the active set.

Data Interpolation

Scatter dataset can be interpolated to other data types (grid, mesh, etc.). See Scatter Interpolation for more information.

Practical Notes

Does SMS have a way of measuring the difference in volume between two bathymetric surveys?

To do this, the following needs to be done:

  1. Interpolate the elevation from one survey onto the other.
  2. Use the data calculator to compute the difference between the two elevations. If desired, do max(0.0, z1-z2) as well as max(0.0, z2-z1) to get both deposition and erosion volume.
  3. Turn on the Volume option in the Info Options dialog.
  4. Select the triangles of interested. The volume appears in the info window at the bottom of the screen. It is also possible to direct these values to a file or another window through the Info Options settings.

How do I compare datasets from different scatter point sets?

Datasets within a scatter set are associated with the geometry of that scatter set. To compare datasets from different scatter sets, it is necessary to first interpolate the datasets to a common geometry. Below are guidelines on how to do this with a mesh and with a scatter grid.

  • Mesh
  1. Interpolate the first dataset to mesh.
  2. Interpolate the second dataset to the mesh.
  3. Use the data calculator (Data | Dataset Toolbox) to compare the two datasets.
  • Scatter Grid
  1. Select first dataset.
  2. Select Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter | …to Scatter Grid. Specify extents and resolution of grid.
  3. Select second dataset.
  4. Select Scatter | Interpolate to Scatter | …from other scatter set. Specify the second scatter set.
  5. Select Data | Dataset Toolbox with the new scatter grid selected to compare the two datasets.

Related Topics

External Links

  • Wozencraft, Jennifer M., W. Jeff Lillycrop, and Nicholas C. Kraus. SHOALS Toolbox: Software to Support Visualization and Analysis of Large, High-Density Data Sets. No. ERDC/CHL-CHETN-IV-43. Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg MS Coastal and Hydraulics Lab, 2002. [1]