WMS:Rational Method Computing Hydrographs

Rational Method Hydrographs dialog

The Rational Method equation is designed to compute peak flows. However, a hydrograph, based on the peak flow and basin (or outlet) time of concentration, can be computed using one of five different unit hydrographs. Furthermore, there are two different methods (traditional and route by summing) hydrographs can be computed at confluence points.

The Rational Method Hydrographs dialog is used to specify the dimensionless unit hydrograph method, and the way hydrographs at outlets are computed. The dialog can be accessed through the Rational Method dialog. Options include:

• Traditional method – Computes a peak flow at an outlet by determining composite C, t_c, and areas from upstream basins and tributaries.
• Route by summing – Computes peak flows and hydrographs for basins in the traditional manner, but hydrographs at outlet points are determined by combining or summing the hydrographs from upstream basins and tributaries.
• Hydrographaph computation method
  • "Rational Hydrograph" – See below.
  • "Modified Rational Hydrograph" – When this option is chosen, the following options need to be defined.
    • Recession limb coefficient
    • Storm duration
  • "Dekalb Rational Hydrograph" – See below.
  • "Universal Rational Hydrograph" – See below.
  • "User Defined Rational Hydrograph"

Rational Hydrograph

The Rational Unit Hydrograph has a time to peak equal to the time of concentration. Both the rising and receding limbs of the hydrograph have a duration equal to the time of concentration, and therefore the shape of the hydrograph is an isosceles triangle with a time base of 2t_c as shown below. This method is chosen by specifying the Modified Hydrograph Method using 1.0 for the recession limb coefficient and t_c for the storm duration.

Modified Rational Hydrograph

The Modified Rational Hydrograph also assumes that the time to peak is equal to the t_c, but allows for the duration of the storm to be longer than t_c, resulting in a trapezoidal shaped hydrograph as shown below. A coefficient to modify the slope of the receding limb may also be applied with this method.

where:

• t_c = Time of concentration.
• Q = Flow at time $t$, in cfs.
• Q_p = Peak flow.
• r = Falling limb coefficient
• s_d = Storm duration

Dekalb Rational Hydrograph

The Dekalb Rational Hydrograph was developed by Dekalb County Georgia, and like the Universal Rational Hydrograph, ordinates are computed by scaling the peak discharge by an appropriate value. The time to peak occurs at 5 * t_c, while the time base is 10 * t_c. All coefficients occur at increments of t_c, and are different depending on whether t_c is less than 20 minutes or not. The following table lists the coefficients and a typical hydrograph is shown below.

Dimensionless Time and Hydrograph Ordinates
t/tc	Q/Qp for tc < 20 min	Q/Qp for tc >= 20 min
0	0.00	0.00
1	0.16	0.04
2	0.19	0.08
3	0.27	0.16
4	0.34	0.32
5	1.00	1.00
6	0.45	0.30
7	0.27	0.11
8	0.19	0.05
9	0.12	0.03
10	0.00	0.00

where:

• t_c = Time of concentration.
• Q = Flow at time t, in cfs.
• Q_p = Peak flow.

Universal Rational Hydrograph

The Universal Rational Hydrograph uses a set of coefficients and the peak discharge to compute the hydrograph ordinates at different times. The coefficients are shown in the following table and the resulting hydrograph is displayed.

Dimensionless Time and Hydrograph Ordinates
t/tc	Q/Qp
0	0.00
1	0.21
2	0.30
3	1.00
4	0.54
5	0.39
6	0.25
7	0.18
8	0.15
9	0.14
10	0.13
11	0.00

Notice that the peak occurs at 3*t_c, and the time base is equal to 11*t_c.

where:

• t_c = Time of concentration.
• Q = Flow at time t, in cfs.
• Q_p = Peak flow.

User Defined Rational Hydrograph

With the User Defined method of hydrograph generation, specify the number of ordinates for a dimensionless unit hydrograph and then define the t/t_c and Q/Q_p values.

NOTE: All t/t_c values must be even integers.

User defined files may be exported or imported so that they do not need to be re-entered from one run of WMS to the next.

Example of a user defined hydrograph

Related Topics

• Rational Method Edit Parameters