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{{MODFLOW Links}}
{{MODFLOW Links}}
{{Infobox Calibration}}
{{Infobox Calibration}}
One of the tools provided in GMS for [[GMS:Model Calibration|model calibration]] is automated parameter estimation. With automated parameter estimation, an external utility, sometimes called an "inverse model", is used to iteratively adjust a set of [[GMS:Parameters|parameters]] and repeatedly launch the model until the computed output matches field-observed values. Parameter estimation is used in conjunction with the [[GMS:Observations#Point Observations|point observations]] and the [[GMS:Observations#Flow Observations|flow observations]].
An important part of any groundwater modeling exercise is the [[GMS:Model Calibration|model calibration]] process. In order for a groundwater model to be used in any type of predictive role, it must be demonstrated that the model can successfully simulate observed aquifer behavior. Calibration is a process wherein certain parameters of the model such as recharge and hydraulic conductivity are altered in a systematic fashion and the model is repeatedly run until the computed solution matches field-observed values within an acceptable level of accuracy.
 
One of the tools provided in GMS for is automated parameter estimation. With automated parameter estimation, an external utility, sometimes called an "inverse model", is used to iteratively adjust a set of [[GMS:Parameters|parameters]] and repeatedly launch the model until the computed output matches field-observed values. Parameter estimation is used in conjunction with the [[GMS:Observations#Point Observations|point observations]] and the [[GMS:Observations#Flow Observations|flow observations]] and is available for all MODFLOW versions that come with GMS except for [[GMS:MODFLOW-LGR|MODFLOW-LGR]].


Automated parameter estimation is supported in GMS for the [[GMS:MODFLOW|MODFLOW]] simulations using [[GMS:PEST|PEST]] a general purpose parameter estimation utility developed by John Doherty of Watermark Computing.  
Automated parameter estimation is supported in GMS for the [[GMS:MODFLOW|MODFLOW]] simulations using [[GMS:PEST|PEST]] a general purpose parameter estimation utility developed by John Doherty of Watermark Computing.  
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The basic steps involved in using an inverse model for parameter estimation are follows:
The basic steps involved in using an inverse model for parameter estimation are follows:


=== 1. Create a Working MODFLOW Model ===
; 1. Create a Working MODFLOW Model : The first step is to create a MODFLOW model and run a simulation. Before launching the inverse model, it's necessary to have a MODFLOW model that successfully converges and it's necessary to determine a good set of starting values for the parameters. Once there is a solution it is also a good idea to copy the computed heads from the solution to the starting heads array. This ensures that as the inverse model modifies the parameters and runs MODFLOW repeatedly, it is more likely that MODFLOW will quickly converge each time it is launched.
The first step is to create your MODFLOW model and run a simulation. Before launching the inverse model, you need to have a MODFLOW model that successfully converges and you need to determine a good set of starting values for your parameters. Once you have a solution it is also a good idea to copy the computed heads from your solution to your starting heads array. This ensures that as the inverse model modifies the parameters and runs MODFLOW repeatedly, it is more likely that MODFLOW will quickly converge each time it is launched.


=== 2. Enter the Observations ===
; 2. Enter the Observations : Once there is a working MODFLOW model, enter the head and flux observations. [[GMS:Observations#Point Observations|Head observations]] are entered as points using an observation coverage in the Map module. [[GMS:Observations#Flow Observations|Flow observations]] are assigned directly to arcs and polygons in source/sink coverages. Each of the observations is assigned a [[GMS:Observations#Observation Weights|weight]] that is saved to the inverse input files.
Once you have a working MODFLOW model, you should enter your head and flux observations. [[GMS:Observations#Point Observations|Head observations]] are entered as points using an observation coverage in the Map module. [[GMS:Observations#Flow Observations|Flow observations]] are assigned directly to arcs and polygons in source/sink coverages. Each of the observations is assigned a [[GMS:Observations#Observation Weights|weight]] that is saved to the inverse input files.


=== 3. Turn on the Inverse Model ===
; 3. Turn on the Inverse Model : Select an inverse model. Bring up the [[GMS:Global Options/Basic Package|''Global Options'']] dialog and select either the ''Parameter Estimation'' or ''Stochastic Inverse Model'' option depending on whether a stochastic simulation is being run.
You must select an inverse model. Bring up the [[GMS:Global Options/Basic Package|Global Options]] dialog and select either the Parameter Estimation or Stochastic Inverse Model button depending on whether a stochastic simulation is being run.


=== 4. Parameterize the model ===
; 4. Parameterize the Model : The next step is to parameterize the model. See the [[GMS:Parameters#Parameterizing_the_model|Parameters]] page for more details.
The next step is to parameterize your model. See the [[GMS:Parameters#Parameterizing_the_model|Parameters]] page for more details.


=== 5. Create a Parameter List ===
; 5. Create a Parameter List : The next step is to create the parameter list. See the [[GMS:Parameters#Create_a_parameter_list|Parameters]] page for details.
The next step is to create the parameter list. See the [[GMS:Parameters#Create_a_parameter_list|Parameters]] page for details.


=== 6. Set parameter estimation options ===
; 6. Set Parameter Estimation Options : Once the parameter list is set up, the user may wish to edit the general [[GMS:PEST Dialog|''Parameter Estimation'']] options. These options include the output control and convergence criteria.
Once the parameter list is set up, you may wish to edit the general [[GMS:Parameter Estimation Dialog|Parameter Estimation]] options. These options include the output control and convergence criteria.


=== 7. Edit the Group Weight Multipliers ===
; 7. Edit the Group Weight Multipliers : The [[GMS:Observations#Group Weight Multipliers|group weight multipliers]] can be edited to adjust the relative weight of the head and flux observations.
The [[GMS:Observations#Group Weight Multipliers|group weight multipliers]] can be edited to adjust the relative weight of the head and flux observations.


=== 8. Edit the Convergence Options ===
; 8. Edit the PEST ASP Package : Edit the MODFLOW [[GMS:PEST ASP Package|PEST ASP Package]] if necessary in order to ensure a stable solution.
Edit the MODFLOW [[GMS:Convergence Options|Convergence Options]] if necessary in order to ensure a stable solution.


=== 9. Save and Run MODFLOW Model ===
; 9. Save and Run MODFLOW Model : Once all of the inverse model options have been set, the next step is to save the MODFLOW model using the '''Save''' or '''Save As''' command in the ''File'' menu. Next, run MODFLOW and the inverse model will run with MODFLOW.  The inverse model will then be launched in a separate window or the model wrapper in which the user should see information relating to the MODFLOW runs and the status of the objective function. Depending on the problem, the inverse model may take anywhere from several minutes to several hours (or days) to run to completion.  When the inverse process is completed successfully, GMS automatically launches a MODFLOW forward run with the optimal values computed by the inverse model.  Thus, the solution will reflect the optimal values computed by the inverse model.
Once all of the inverse model options have been set, the next step is to save the MODFLOW model using the Save/Save As command in the File menu. Next, run MODFLOW and the inverse model will run with MODFLOW.  The inverse model will then be launched in a separate window or the model wrapper in which you will see information relating to the MODFLOW runs and the status of the objective function. Depending on the problem, the inverse model may take anywhere from several minutes to several hours (or days) to run to completion.  When the inverse process is completed successfully, GMS automatically launches a MODFLOW forward run with the optimal values computed by the inverse model.  Thus, the solution will reflect the optimal values computed by the inverse model.


=== 10. Viewing the Optimal values ===
; 10. Viewing the Optimal Values : When the inverse model is finished, it writes out a text file containing the set of parameter values corresponding to the minimum calibration error. These values can be viewed with the '''Import Optimal Values''' button. This copies the optimal parameter values to the ''Starting Value'' field in the ''Parameter List''.
When the inverse model is finished, it writes out a text file containing the set of parameter values corresponding to the minimum calibration error. These values can be viewed with the Import Optimal Values button. This copies the optimal parameter values to the Starting Value field in the Parameter List.


==Sensitivity Analysis==
==Sensitivity Analysis==
At each PEST iteration, PEST computes the sensitivities of each of the parameters. This information is available in the ''model''.sen file (where ''model'' is the name of the MODFLOW model). PEST records the composite sensitivity and the relative composite sensitivity of each parameter in this file. This information is useful in determining which parameters have the greatest effect on the model as well as which parameters have the least effect on the model. Thus, the "insensitive" parameters can be removed or held constant in a subsequent PEST run.
At each PEST iteration, PEST computes the sensitivities of each of the parameters. This information is available in the "''model''.sen" file (where ''model'' is the name of the MODFLOW model). PEST records the composite sensitivity and the relative composite sensitivity of each parameter in this file. This information is useful in determining which parameters have the greatest effect on the model as well as which parameters have the least effect on the model. Thus, the "insensitive" parameters can be removed or held constant in a subsequent PEST run.


For a more detailed description of parameter sensitivity see section 5.3.2 of the PEST manual.
For a more detailed description of parameter sensitivity see section 5.3.2 of the PEST manual.


==Parameter Estimation Dialog==
==PEST Dialog==
Options affecting parameter estimation can be changed via the [[GMS:Parameter Estimation Dialog|Parameter Estimation Dialog]].
Options affecting parameter estimation can be changed via the [[GMS:PEST Dialog|''PEST'' dialog]].
 
==Parallel PEST==
 
The PEST model can be run with parallel processing across one or multiple machines with the parallel PEST utility. Running across multiple machines requires setup outside of GMS with PSLAVE. More information about parallel PEST can be found in the [http://www.pesthomepage.org/getfiles.php?file=newpestman1.pdf PEST Manual Part I] starting on page 222 from the [http://www.pesthomepage.org/Downloads.php PEST Downloads page].


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:MODFLOW]]
[[Category:MODFLOW]]
[[Category:Calibration]]
[[Category:Calibration]]
[[Category:PEST]]
[[Category:Parameters]]
[[Category:Parameters]]
[[Category:External Links]]

Latest revision as of 14:20, 26 October 2017

MODFLOW
Pre-processing
MODFLOW Commands
Building a MODFLOW Model
Map to MODFLOW
Calibration
Packages Supported in GMS
Saving a MODFLOW Simulation
Importing MODFLOW Files
Unsupported MODFLOW Features
Run MODFLOW
Post-processing
MODFLOW Display Options
MODFLOW Post-Processing Viewing Options
Reading a MODFLOW Simulation
Tutorials
Packages
Flow: BCF6, HUF, LPF, UPW
Solvers:

DE4, GMG, NWT, PCG,

PCGN, LMG, SIP, SOR,

SMS
Other:

BAS6, BFH, CHD1, CLN,

DRN1, DRT1, EVT1, ETS1,

GAGE, GHB1, GNC, HFB1,

HUF, LAK3, MNW1, MNW2,

OUT1, RCH1, RIV1, SFR2,

STR1, SUB1, SWI2, WEL1,

UZF1
v • e

Calibration,
Parameters,
Stochastic Modeling
Calibration
Model Calibration
Automated Parameter Estimation
PEST Dialog
PEST
Run Options
Observations
MODFLOW-USG Observations
Plot Wizard
Calibration Targets
Parameters
Parameters
Parameter Dialog
Pilot Points
Multiplier Arrays for Parameters
Standard MODFLOW Parameters
Stochastic Modeling
Stochastic Modeling
Gaussian Field Generator
Risk Analysis Wizard
T-PROGS
v • e

An important part of any groundwater modeling exercise is the model calibration process. In order for a groundwater model to be used in any type of predictive role, it must be demonstrated that the model can successfully simulate observed aquifer behavior. Calibration is a process wherein certain parameters of the model such as recharge and hydraulic conductivity are altered in a systematic fashion and the model is repeatedly run until the computed solution matches field-observed values within an acceptable level of accuracy.

One of the tools provided in GMS for is automated parameter estimation. With automated parameter estimation, an external utility, sometimes called an "inverse model", is used to iteratively adjust a set of parameters and repeatedly launch the model until the computed output matches field-observed values. Parameter estimation is used in conjunction with the point observations and the flow observations and is available for all MODFLOW versions that come with GMS except for MODFLOW-LGR.

Automated parameter estimation is supported in GMS for the MODFLOW simulations using PEST a general purpose parameter estimation utility developed by John Doherty of Watermark Computing.

Inverse models should only be used carefully and with a full understanding of the assumptions, equations, and methods involved. It is suggested that the user read the available documentation on the inverse model being used. Only the steps involved in setting up an inverse model are described in this document.

Basic Steps

The basic steps involved in using an inverse model for parameter estimation are follows:

1. Create a Working MODFLOW Model
The first step is to create a MODFLOW model and run a simulation. Before launching the inverse model, it's necessary to have a MODFLOW model that successfully converges and it's necessary to determine a good set of starting values for the parameters. Once there is a solution it is also a good idea to copy the computed heads from the solution to the starting heads array. This ensures that as the inverse model modifies the parameters and runs MODFLOW repeatedly, it is more likely that MODFLOW will quickly converge each time it is launched.
2. Enter the Observations
Once there is a working MODFLOW model, enter the head and flux observations. Head observations are entered as points using an observation coverage in the Map module. Flow observations are assigned directly to arcs and polygons in source/sink coverages. Each of the observations is assigned a weight that is saved to the inverse input files.
3. Turn on the Inverse Model
Select an inverse model. Bring up the Global Options dialog and select either the Parameter Estimation or Stochastic Inverse Model option depending on whether a stochastic simulation is being run.
4. Parameterize the Model
The next step is to parameterize the model. See the Parameters page for more details.
5. Create a Parameter List
The next step is to create the parameter list. See the Parameters page for details.
6. Set Parameter Estimation Options
Once the parameter list is set up, the user may wish to edit the general Parameter Estimation options. These options include the output control and convergence criteria.
7. Edit the Group Weight Multipliers
The group weight multipliers can be edited to adjust the relative weight of the head and flux observations.
8. Edit the PEST ASP Package
Edit the MODFLOW PEST ASP Package if necessary in order to ensure a stable solution.
9. Save and Run MODFLOW Model
Once all of the inverse model options have been set, the next step is to save the MODFLOW model using the Save or Save As command in the File menu. Next, run MODFLOW and the inverse model will run with MODFLOW. The inverse model will then be launched in a separate window or the model wrapper in which the user should see information relating to the MODFLOW runs and the status of the objective function. Depending on the problem, the inverse model may take anywhere from several minutes to several hours (or days) to run to completion. When the inverse process is completed successfully, GMS automatically launches a MODFLOW forward run with the optimal values computed by the inverse model. Thus, the solution will reflect the optimal values computed by the inverse model.
10. Viewing the Optimal Values
When the inverse model is finished, it writes out a text file containing the set of parameter values corresponding to the minimum calibration error. These values can be viewed with the Import Optimal Values button. This copies the optimal parameter values to the Starting Value field in the Parameter List.

Sensitivity Analysis

At each PEST iteration, PEST computes the sensitivities of each of the parameters. This information is available in the "model.sen" file (where model is the name of the MODFLOW model). PEST records the composite sensitivity and the relative composite sensitivity of each parameter in this file. This information is useful in determining which parameters have the greatest effect on the model as well as which parameters have the least effect on the model. Thus, the "insensitive" parameters can be removed or held constant in a subsequent PEST run.

For a more detailed description of parameter sensitivity see section 5.3.2 of the PEST manual.

PEST Dialog

Options affecting parameter estimation can be changed via the PEST dialog.

Parallel PEST

The PEST model can be run with parallel processing across one or multiple machines with the parallel PEST utility. Running across multiple machines requires setup outside of GMS with PSLAVE. More information about parallel PEST can be found in the PEST Manual Part I starting on page 222 from the PEST Downloads page.

See also

Model Calibration

v • e
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