WMS:Smooth GSSHA Streams: Difference between revisions

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[[File:SmoothGSSHA Streams.png|thumb|450 px|The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog]]
The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog is accessible by selecting one or more reaches without branches and then selecting ''GSSHA'' | '''Smooth Stream/Pipe Arcs...''' while in the '''Map''' [[File:Map Module Icon.svg|14px]] module. This dialog shows a profile of the bed elevations for the selected arc, allowing the individual vertices along the arc to be manipulated in multiple ways.  
WMS uses a conceptual model approach to building GSSHA simulations that  allows for the use of GIS data objects. In WMS stream arcs are used to define  both the spatial extent as well as the hydraulic characteristics of the streams  for a GSSHA simulation. While the underlying process producing the stream flow  in GSSHA has been significantly updated the process of creating the streams in  WMS has not been significantly altered, only simplified. In WMS 6.1 a set of stream arcs were either created from a DEM or read in from a GIS shapefile.  These arcs then had to be manipulated spatially to follow certain rules in order  to allow WMS to correctly generate the GSSHA channel input file. In WMS 7.0 the stream arcs no longer need to be spatially manipulated. However, the streambed  profile still needs to be checked and corrected using the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.


===Stream Smoothing===
WMS uses a conceptual model approach to building GSSHA simulations that allows for the use of GIS data objects. Stream arcs are used to define both the spatial extent as well as the hydraulic characteristics of the streams for a GSSHA simulation in WMS. The underlying process producing the stream flow in GSSHA has been significantly updated, and the process of creating the streams in WMS has been simplified.


An essential part of building the stream network is making sure that the streambed will flow as it should. Obtaining the stream network from a DEM leaves  many artificial ridges and pits in the streambed profile that force water to pond. Often when the stream network is brought in from a shapefile the streams  have been digitized from a topographical map and the streambed is lacking  elevation values. The place to check for and solve these problems is in the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.
In WMS 6.1, a set of stream arcs were either created from a DEM or imported from a GIS shapefile. These arcs then had to be manipulated spatially to follow certain rules in order to allow WMS to correctly generate the GSSHA channel input file. Beginning with WMS 7.0, the stream arcs no longer need to be spatially manipulated. However, the streambed profile still needs to be checked and corrected using the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.


The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog shows a profile of the bed elevations,  allowing the individual vertices along the arc to be manipulated. There are five  means to manipulate the streambed elevations in the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.  The first way to manipulate the streambed elevations is by selecting a vertex  (using the select vertex tool) and then adjusting the streambed elevation value in the stream elevation edit field. The second means of modifying the streambed  elevations also uses the select vertex tool; the select vertex tool can also  drag the selected vertex along a vertical line to adjust the elevation. Third, the '''Offset Stream Elevations By Constant''' button will ask for a value by which to  offset all of the streambed elevations. Positive offset values are downward. The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog will not allow the surface elevations to be higher  than the cell surface elevations. The cell surface elevations are shown in a  step-wise fashion along with the streambed profile. If the cell elevations are  not visible the most likely cause is that the streambed elevations are too close  to the cell surface elevations so that the points and lines representing the streambed profile are drawn on top of the cell surface elevations.
==Stream Arc Topology Rules==


The two smoothing options are the principal means of modifying the streambed  profile to allow water to flow, as it naturally should. The fourth method of  modifying the streambed profile is by using the '''Smooth Stream Elevations To Smoothed Grid''' button. When this button is pushed a warning comes up explaining  that the stream arc is about to be dramatically altered. What will occur is that the stream arc will be conformed to lie on the surface of the grid. To  accommodate the interpolated smoothness of the grid many extra vertices will be added to the arc at locations where the grid changes slope. All of these extra  vertices make manually manipulating the stream arc much more difficult and hence  the reason for the warning message. The arc will not change spatially; the new  vertex (x,y) locations are linearly interpolated from the existing vertices.
There are topological rules for stream arc connectivity that must be adhered to in order produce a valid channel input file:
#Stream arcs must be connected from downstream to upstream.
#There should not be any braids or multiple downstream channels from an upstream reach.
#Starting with GSSHA 2.0 (released about 2007), there may be more than two upstream reaches from any particular reach (e.g., three reaches may converge to become a single reach).


The final method of modifying the streambed elevation, the '''Interpolate Stream Elevations''' button, was implemented in WMS 6.1 and is a modified form of the stream-smoothing algorithm proposed by Ogden, Saghafian, and Krajewski. [Ogden  et. al 1994] The modification constrains junction nodes to be lower than the  next upstream vertex on the offshoot branch. The yellow dots on the streambed  profile are these elevations, the elevations of the next upstream vertex of each  stream arc attached to the stream arcs being displayed.
==Stream Smoothing==
[[File:Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog.png|thumb|400 px|The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog]]
An essential part of building the stream network is making sure that the streambed will flow as it should. Obtaining the stream network from a DEM can leave many artificial ridges and pits in the streambed profile that force water to pond. This ponding is also known as [[WMS:GSSHA Digital Dams|digital damming]]. When a stream network is imported from a shapefile, the streams have often been digitized from a topographical map, and the streambed may be lacking elevation values. The ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog provides a place to check for and solve these problems.


===Stream Arc Topology Rules===
All of the options in this dialog are contained within the ''Profile of selected arcs'' section. At the top of this section is a plot showing arcs for ground elevations and modified stream data.


There are still several topological rules for stream arc connectivity that must be adhered to in order produce a valid channel input file. The stream arcs  must still be connected from downstream to upstream, and there should not be any  braids or multiple downstream channels from an upstream reach. New for GSSHA 2.0  is that there may be more than two upstream reaches from any particular reach  (e.g. three reaches may converge to become a single reach).
The arcs on the plot can be manually modified in the following ways:
*Click and drag to create a zoom box. Release the mouse button to zoom in.
*Select a plot point on either arc and vertically drag it to change its elevation.
*Right-click on the plot to bring up the following menu options:
**'''Display Options...''' – Brings up the [[WMS:Customization Dialog|''Customization'' dialog]].
**'''Axis Titles...''' – Brings up the [[WMS:Plot Windows#Axis Titles|''Axis Titles'' dialog]].
**'''Set As Display Defaults''' – Takes the current plot display settings and makes them the default in WMS.
**''Symbol Size'' – Adjust the size of the symbols used at each plot point. Opens a sub-menu with the following options:
***'''Micro'''
***'''Small'''
***'''Medium'''
***'''Large'''
**'''Frame Plot''' – Zooms to the extents of the plot.
**'''Maximize Plot''' – Makes the plot fill the full extent of the monitor or screen. When done viewing the plot in this manner, press ''Esc'' or click at the top left corner of the screen where prompted.
**'''View Values...''' – Opens the [[WMS:Plot Windows#View Values|''View Values'' dialog]].
**'''Export/Print...''' – Opens the [[WMS:Exporting Dialog|''Exporting'' dialog]].
*Double-click on the plot to bring up the [[WMS:Customization Dialog|''Customization'' dialog]].
 
The ''Display Options'' section has the following options:
*''Ground elevations'' – Turn on to display the ground elevations.
*''Groundwater table'' – Turn on to display the groundwater table. Only changeable if applicable.
*''Aquifer bottom'' – Turn on to display the aquifer bottom. Only changeable if applicable.
 
The ''Grid cell'' section displays ''I, J'' coordinates and the cell elevation for the selected plot point. To the right of that is ''Stream elevation'', which displays the current stream bed elevation. This field is user-editable.
 
The ''Smoothing options'' section allows the stream bed profile arc and the stream arc to be modified to allow water to flow naturally. It has the following buttons:
*'''Smooth Stream Elevations to Smoothed Grid''' – A warning appears advising that vertices may be inserted and the selected stream arcs may be permanently changed. Clicking '''OK''' will finish the modification, and clicking '''Cancel''' will stop the modification. The stream will be conformed to lie on the surface of the grid, but it will not spatially change.. To accommodate this, additional vertices may be added where the grid changes slope. These vertices will be linearly interpolated from the existing vertices. The additional vertices can make the stream arc more difficult to manually manipulate.
*'''Interpolate Stream Elevations''' &ndash; A modified version of the stream-smoothing algorithm proposed by Ogden, Saghafian, and Krajewski<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0089387 |title=GIS-Based Channel Extraction and Smoothing Algorithm for Distributed Hydrologic Modeling |first1=Fred L. |last1=Ogden |first2=Bahram |last2=Saghafian |first3=Witold F. |last3=Krajewski |date=1994 |accessdate=May 22, 2019}}</ref> implemented in WMS 6.1. This option constrains junction nodes to be lower than the next upstream vertex on the offshoot branch.
*'''Interpolate Selected Points''' &ndash; At least stream bed points must be selected.
 
Below the smoothing options are the following buttons:
*'''Redistribute Vertices...''' &ndash; Opens the [[WMS:Feature Objects Menu#Redistribute|''Redistribute Vertices'' dialog]].
*'''Get Stream Elevation Value(s) from Smoothed Grid''' &ndash;
*'''Use Thalweg Data...''' &ndash; Opens the [[#GSSHA Thalweg|''GSSHA Thalweg'' dialog]].
*'''Offset Stream Elevations by Constant...''' &ndash; Opens the [[WMS:GSSHA Embankment Arcs#Stream Offset|''Stream offset'' dialog]].
 
The following buttons are found at the bottom of the dialog:
*'''Help''' &ndash; Opens this article in a web browser.
*'''OK''' &ndash; Saves all changes and closes the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.
*'''Cancel''' &ndash; Discards all changes and closes the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog.
 
==GSSHA Thalweg==
[[File:WMS GSSHA Thalweg dialog.png|thumb|right|250px|''GSSHA Thalweg'' dialog.]]
The ''GSSHA Thalweg'' dialog is accessible by clicking the '''Use Thalweg Data...''' button in the ''Smooth GSSHA Streams'' dialog. It contains a spreadsheet with the following columns for each row:
*''Station'' &ndash;
*''Elevation'' &ndash;
 
At the bottom of the dialog are the following buttons:
*'''Help''' &ndash; Opens this article in a web browser.
*'''OK''' &ndash; Saves all changes and closes the ''GSSHA Thalweg'' dialog.
*'''Cancel''' &ndash; Discards all changes and closes the ''GSSHA Thalweg'' dialog.
 
==References==
{{reflist}}




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[[Category:GSSHA|S]]
[[Category:GSSHA Dialogs|S]]
[[Category:External Links]]

Revision as of 19:38, 22 May 2019


The Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog is accessible by selecting one or more reaches without branches and then selecting GSSHA | Smooth Stream/Pipe Arcs... while in the Map Map Module Icon.svg module. This dialog shows a profile of the bed elevations for the selected arc, allowing the individual vertices along the arc to be manipulated in multiple ways.

WMS uses a conceptual model approach to building GSSHA simulations that allows for the use of GIS data objects. Stream arcs are used to define both the spatial extent as well as the hydraulic characteristics of the streams for a GSSHA simulation in WMS. The underlying process producing the stream flow in GSSHA has been significantly updated, and the process of creating the streams in WMS has been simplified.

In WMS 6.1, a set of stream arcs were either created from a DEM or imported from a GIS shapefile. These arcs then had to be manipulated spatially to follow certain rules in order to allow WMS to correctly generate the GSSHA channel input file. Beginning with WMS 7.0, the stream arcs no longer need to be spatially manipulated. However, the streambed profile still needs to be checked and corrected using the Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog.

Stream Arc Topology Rules

There are topological rules for stream arc connectivity that must be adhered to in order produce a valid channel input file:

  1. Stream arcs must be connected from downstream to upstream.
  2. There should not be any braids or multiple downstream channels from an upstream reach.
  3. Starting with GSSHA 2.0 (released about 2007), there may be more than two upstream reaches from any particular reach (e.g., three reaches may converge to become a single reach).

Stream Smoothing

The Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog

An essential part of building the stream network is making sure that the streambed will flow as it should. Obtaining the stream network from a DEM can leave many artificial ridges and pits in the streambed profile that force water to pond. This ponding is also known as digital damming. When a stream network is imported from a shapefile, the streams have often been digitized from a topographical map, and the streambed may be lacking elevation values. The Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog provides a place to check for and solve these problems.

All of the options in this dialog are contained within the Profile of selected arcs section. At the top of this section is a plot showing arcs for ground elevations and modified stream data.

The arcs on the plot can be manually modified in the following ways:

  • Click and drag to create a zoom box. Release the mouse button to zoom in.
  • Select a plot point on either arc and vertically drag it to change its elevation.
  • Right-click on the plot to bring up the following menu options:
    • Display Options... – Brings up the Customization dialog.
    • Axis Titles... – Brings up the Axis Titles dialog.
    • Set As Display Defaults – Takes the current plot display settings and makes them the default in WMS.
    • Symbol Size – Adjust the size of the symbols used at each plot point. Opens a sub-menu with the following options:
      • Micro
      • Small
      • Medium
      • Large
    • Frame Plot – Zooms to the extents of the plot.
    • Maximize Plot – Makes the plot fill the full extent of the monitor or screen. When done viewing the plot in this manner, press Esc or click at the top left corner of the screen where prompted.
    • View Values... – Opens the View Values dialog.
    • Export/Print... – Opens the Exporting dialog.
  • Double-click on the plot to bring up the Customization dialog.

The Display Options section has the following options:

  • Ground elevations – Turn on to display the ground elevations.
  • Groundwater table – Turn on to display the groundwater table. Only changeable if applicable.
  • Aquifer bottom – Turn on to display the aquifer bottom. Only changeable if applicable.

The Grid cell section displays I, J coordinates and the cell elevation for the selected plot point. To the right of that is Stream elevation, which displays the current stream bed elevation. This field is user-editable.

The Smoothing options section allows the stream bed profile arc and the stream arc to be modified to allow water to flow naturally. It has the following buttons:

  • Smooth Stream Elevations to Smoothed Grid – A warning appears advising that vertices may be inserted and the selected stream arcs may be permanently changed. Clicking OK will finish the modification, and clicking Cancel will stop the modification. The stream will be conformed to lie on the surface of the grid, but it will not spatially change.. To accommodate this, additional vertices may be added where the grid changes slope. These vertices will be linearly interpolated from the existing vertices. The additional vertices can make the stream arc more difficult to manually manipulate.
  • Interpolate Stream Elevations – A modified version of the stream-smoothing algorithm proposed by Ogden, Saghafian, and Krajewski[1] implemented in WMS 6.1. This option constrains junction nodes to be lower than the next upstream vertex on the offshoot branch.
  • Interpolate Selected Points – At least stream bed points must be selected.

Below the smoothing options are the following buttons:

The following buttons are found at the bottom of the dialog:

  • Help – Opens this article in a web browser.
  • OK – Saves all changes and closes the Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog.
  • Cancel – Discards all changes and closes the Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog.

GSSHA Thalweg

GSSHA Thalweg dialog.

The GSSHA Thalweg dialog is accessible by clicking the Use Thalweg Data... button in the Smooth GSSHA Streams dialog. It contains a spreadsheet with the following columns for each row:

  • Station –
  • Elevation –

At the bottom of the dialog are the following buttons:

  • Help – Opens this article in a web browser.
  • OK – Saves all changes and closes the GSSHA Thalweg dialog.
  • Cancel – Discards all changes and closes the GSSHA Thalweg dialog.

References

  1. ^ Ogden, Fred L.; Saghafian, Bahram; Krajewski, Witold F. (1994). "GIS-Based Channel Extraction and Smoothing Algorithm for Distributed Hydrologic Modeling". https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0089387. Retrieved on May 22, 2019. 


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